Introduction

In a "normal" fusor an electric field  heats ions to conditions suitable for nuclear fusion.  Because most of the ions fall into the wires of the inner grid (and electrons collide with the wall), these fusors suffer from high conduction losses and do unfortunately not produce net energy. Would it be possible to design a new kind of fusor without this inner grid, but that still confines the ions (and electrons) more or less in the center?

Let's consider the following:

Fig. 1. Design of SEM fusor. (Shem)

It consists of:

• A vacuum chamber ("empty" or with a low concentration of deuterium gas).

• Two rings at a constant voltage of  about - 100 kV and one ring and two spheres  at a constant voltage of about 100 kV (the voltages and the configuration can change, only two rings, two rings with two spheres..)

• A constant magnetic field of about 1 tesla, produced by, for example, a superconducting magnet (the strength of the magnetic field can have other values and it could also be in the form of a magnetic bottle, for example).

• In a normal fusor, the deuterium gas is ionized because of the voltage difference between the inner grid and the wall. Hopefully in our SEM fusor, something similar occurs. Another idea is to inject deuterium ions and electrons directly into the vacuum chamber, although a little bit more difficult or realize.

When do deuterium D⁺  ions  fuse?

If two  D⁺  ions at the same but opposite speed collide head-on,  their speed must be at least 6,4.10⁶ m/s to come at such a short distance from one each other that the strong nuclear force becomes larger than the repulse Coulomb force. (See temp.speed calculations )

But because of  i.a. tunnelling this speed is lower:  In euro-fusion.org, in hyperphysics and other sources, a temperature of about 450.10⁶  degrees C is mentioned for D-D fusion reaction to occur. This corresponds with a mean speed of  about 2.10⁶ m/s .

Confining  D⁺  ions with speeds up to 3.10⁶ m/s

 In a field of 1,5 tesla deuterium ions with a speed of 1,4 .10⁷ m/s move in circles with a radius of 0,2 m (see   radius D+ ions in a magn.  field ).  So with this magnetic field, it seems to be possible to avoid that the particles escape sidewards.

A positively charged sphere at 151 V and with a radius of 8 cm will stop a D⁺ particle with a speed of 3.10⁶ m/s and an initial distance of 30 cm from the center of the sphere. See calculation.  So it seems to be possible to confine the fast D⁺  ions in the vertical directions with a static electric field.

The electrons, by the way, are a lot easier to confine, because of their smaller mass.

Computer simulation

I made my own simulation program to simulate the SEM fusor design:

D⁺  ions and electrons are generated/injected under in the vacuum chamber (see fig. 1) with various vertical speeds in the experiments (of about 1.10⁴ till 3.10⁵ m/s) They interact with the static electromagnetic field and with each other according to Coulomb's and Biot-Savart law (non-relativistic).  Leapfrog integration is used

Fig. 2. Screenshot of a simulation experiment.

Depending on the voltages, configuration, etc., the D+ ions  reach speeds > 2.10⁶ m/s. This is more than the speed needed for fusion. And when deuterium ions meet at opposite velocities, their relative speeds will be even double.

• If the rings and spheres of the SEM fusor are charged, will the low concentration of deuterium gas be ionized? Or could we perhaps inject electrons and/or deuterium ions inside the vacuum chamber?
• In the simulation non-relativistic formulas are used. But the particles achieve quite high speeds. What will be the error because of this?
• Deuterium ions with very high speeds ( > 3,5E6 m/s) will still escape, according the simulation. How many? Also the accelerating and decelerating of the ions causes losses.. (Bremstrahlung). How big will be the losses?
• In our simulation, only a couple of hundreds of particles can be generated (because of lack of computer power). In reality there will be millions and millions more. Will their behaviour then be alike?
• In the simulation, a part of the electrons seems to concentrate in the centre. Will they form a kind of virtual electrode and attract the positive deuterium ions to the center? (as in a polywell ) This would improve our fusor!
• Without the charged spheres our design is quite similar to a Penning Trap .  The SEM fusor can be considered as a modified Penning trap, but instead of confining only one type of ion, both positive and negative particles are confined. Is this really a new idea and, perhaps..,  the egg of Columbus?  I searched the internet, but could not find something similar.
• Charging the rings and spheres with +/- 200 kV, is it realizable? It seems to be possible to acquire dc power supplies up to 200 kV on the internet.
• Will (easy) nuclear fusion take place, similar as in the "normal" fusor?

Real experiments should be performed to investigate this... with a few millions of euro’s or dollars, we could buy a building for a laboratory, a (second handed) superconducting magnet, a vacuum chamber, all kind of equipment. This could be done with crowdfunding.  ( donate ). Or somebody, a company or university want to carry out an experiment?

 Join our Facebook group, perhaps you have ideas and you can help :   

And if it doesn't produce fusion? Let´s give it a try, don´t you think so? To get clean abundant cheap energy is just what the world needs right now...